Culture And International Marketing Management Marketing Essay

Culture And International Marketing Management Marketing Essay Deal (2008:37) in his paper says that the administration of exercises over global limits is of specific multifaceted nature and is a staggering undertaking. In extending business activities to worldwide nations represents various difficulties and issues never confronted or found in local markets. This multifaceted nature empowers worldwide associations with information and aptitude to misuse the various open doors gave by such markets. The general comprehension of worldwide promoting is an association working in more than one nation, whose advertising procedure normally figured on the nations contrasts. An alternate point of view of the equivalent would be a particular movement to design, cost, advance and direct the progression of ones products and enterprises to different areas for a benefit. Worldwide promoting is a lot of unique in relation to global advertising in the reality being they see the world markets as a solitary element and their showcasing procedure is deteriorated with the selection of their normalized approach in selling their items similarly however in an alternate neighborhood. The worldwide advertising condition (Cateora Graham, 2007) is a blend of controllable and wild factors. The uniqueness of this mix stays over the new conditions presented by outside business sectors. Achievement accomplished by an association in these conditions would require an assortment of techniques that would empower them to comprehend and adapt to the fluctuating degrees of vulnerability in an outside market so as to impact their result to a positive one. The controllable and wild factors can be characterized by into key components by understanding the working of an association in an outside market. The controllable variables that an association has direct power over and can be effortlessly controlled are components, for example, value, item, advertising correspondence and appropriation. On of the major wild factors for an association in an outside domain is social powers. At the point when association expects to exchange a remote market they have to investigate the nations basic culture. Culture is the center component in the investigation of worldwide advertising across various populaces. A nations culture may encapsulate a lot of qualities and standards (building hinders) that are instituted for the shared comprehension of a typical reason, intended for their living. A cliché depiction of a nations culture would be an aggregate programming of the brain that isolates different human gatherings from one another. Each culture as we see have various limits which fill in as a control system, what might be satisfactory in one nation might be condemned in the other. In this way so as to make progress in a global advertising adventure an association needs to initially comprehend a nations social limits. Despite the fact that various scientists have contributed speculations and created models with Ries and Trouts definition as a base, those current models and hypotheses do exclude the manner in which an organization ought to think about social contrasts when situating itself in various universal markets. Considering the way that most scientists characterize situating as something comparative with the contenders position, entering another market ought to include changes in the situating methodology too. In general, little examination has been made with respect to the manner in which a situating methodology changes relying upon which nation the organization is going to enter. Worldwide advertising writing (for example Kotler, 2002; Doole Lowe, 2004; Griffin, 1994), be that as it may, accentuate on the social contrasts in various countries and how these distinctions in culture influence the manner in which an organization ought to enter the new market. These social contrasts are particu larly significant in shopper markets, because of the incredible effect culture has on the purchasing conduct for the single individual (Usunier, 2000). One route for an organization to pick up pieces of the overall industry in various markets, could be to discover various points of interest with a similar item dependent on the distinctive culture in the real market. This could speculatively imply that an organization utilizes an alternate situation with an alternate system in the new market, despite the fact that precisely the same item is offered and the contenders are the equivalent. The Economic Environment The monetary condition is clarified by Gilligan (1986:35) he says that the financial condition impacts request in various manners and its latent capacity impact upon a universal showcasing program should be inspected from two separate however interrelated perspectives .at the large scale level the advertisers needs to consider individuals need and needs the nation financial strategy its condition of improvement and the monetary standpoint. At the miniaturized scale level he needs to center upon the organizations capacity to fulfill. The financial condition that to huge degree characterizes the advertising open door for universal activity and it is just methods for a point by point examination of this part of the part of the condition that the advertiser can address two essential inquiries right off the bat how enormous is the market is capable the market and besides what is the market like it is the response to these inquiries which at that point help to decide the organizations showcase potential and needs and thusly the idea of promoting task that will be performed by we consequently by considering some of the components and that make up the large scale and smaller scale monetary condition and afterward proceed onward to talk about how they impact promoting methodology. There are various advances that should be taken before you choose to enter worldwide markets. Investigate the global promoting condition. A PEST/STEP examination should be led available you enter, to survey whether it is beneficial or not. Lets quickly see a few factors that may impact a universal choice. Political variables The political dependability of the country. Is it a majority rule government, socialist, or authoritarian system Prudent Factors Purchaser riches and use inside the nation. National interests and expansion rate. Are amounts forced on your item. Are there import taxes forced. Social Factors Language. Will language be an obstruction to correspondence for you? Does your host country communicate in your national language? What is the importance of your image name in your host countrys language? Customs: what customs do you need to know about inside the nation? This is significant. You have to ensure you don't affront while imparting your message. Mechanical The mechanical foundation of the market. Do all homes approach vitality (power) Normalization versus social adjustment Heerden and Barter express that the discussion around in the case of showcasing endeavors ought to be normalized or adjusted to nation points of interest has not been completely settled. Promoters of normalization guarantee that worldwide market sections are rising and that advertising endeavors not exclusively can, yet additionally ought to be normalized across business sectors (Melewar Vemmervik, 2004: 863). They accept that the distinctions across business sectors and societies seem, by all accounts, to be decreasing, and this is emphasized by Herbig (1998:31) who expresses that there is a meeting of all societies towards one normal worldwide culture, and that advertisers should try to address worldwide (universal) needs, discovering zones of shared trait and understanding instead of concentrating on trifling contrasts between societies. They advocate that associations must figure out how to work as though the world was one huge market overlooking shallow nation contrasts (Toyne W alters, 1993:422). Their interest is likewise empowered by the significant advantages or points of interest from normalization. Despite the fact that item normalization is commonly expanding, there are as yet generous contrasts in organization works on relying upon the items showcased and where they are promoted (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007:328). They further include, The contention that the world is turning out to be homogenized may really be genuine just for a set number of items that have widespread brand acknowledgment and negligible item information prerequisites for use. By utilizing a similar showcasing technique the world over, various markets will build up a predictable picture of a specific item or brand. A worldwide brand picture will maintain a strategic distance from the disarray that clients may somehow or another face when heading out to various nations and seeing remote media, if an association has neighborhood battles in every nation. Normalization will bring about preferences, for example, the formation of cooperative energies across business sectors (Melewar Vemmervik, 2004: 863) just as economies of scale, economies of degree and making of a worldwide brand picture (Hill, 2001:544). . Backers of adjustment, then again, guarantee that the contrasts between societies are immense to such an extent that normalization is unimaginable and that normalization brings about lost upper hand and lower deals (Melewar Vemmervik, 2004: 863). This procedure involves that associations present a one of a kind item in every nation, with the conviction that preferences contrast such a great amount between nations that it is important to begin once again in making an advertising methodology for each market. Every nation ought to be drawn nearer independently as an alternate market and the S.Afr.J.Bus.Manage.2008,39(2) 39 promoting methodology redid for that specific market (Herbig, 1998:34). Associations can tailor the promoting system to suit neighborhood markets: and defenders of this way of thinking are resolved that social contrasts between countries are with the end goal that a methodology that works in a single country can bomb wretchedly in another. They trust it is astoundingly hard to build up a solitary advertising system that would have the ideal influences around the world. In this manner, adjustment permits an advertiser to consider such contrasts and gives the neighborhood showcase a promoting procedure that interests to them and will be viable in its capacity, so making more noteworthy

Free Essays on Couch Potatoes

one potatoe, 2 potatoe Habitually lazy people The TV has gotten one of the most significant belongings any American could claim. Pretty much every family in all of America particularly in the United States has at any rate one TV. This implies individuals around the globe are investing energy being apathetic sitting before the TV sitting idle yet watching and eating. TV watchers can be grouped from multiple points of view: by the various kinds of shows they watch or by the measure of time an individual watches the TV seven days, yet this appears to be too broad to even think about classifying a habitual slouch. The four significant classifications of the habitual slouches are positioned on a blend of relaxation or spare time spent watching, force of viewing, and the craving to watch stanzas the longing to take part in other non-watching exercises. To start with, there is the genuine habitually lazy person. These individuals have no life what so ever. They are diehard watchers who, when they return home, plunk down directly before the TV for the remainder of the night or day. These individuals currently make their lounge room additionally their lounge area. They sit before the TV stuffing their appearances the entire night. After hearing the word book of scriptures the, the genuine habitually lazy person thinks about the TV control. Habitual slouches plan every single day by day action around the TV. Some attempt to achieve things while they watch, however numerous don’t complete anything. In the event that the president was on each channel yet one and they disdained Clinton like everybody in America, they would observe Farley2 the one channel regardless of what on. While at home these genuine habitually lazy people never dream about killing the TV. The subsequent gathering is the ordinary habitual slouch. These are booked TV watchers. They have interests other than the TV a... Free Essays on Couch Potatoes Free Essays on Couch Potatoes Habitually lazy people The TV has gotten one of the most significant belongings any American could possess. Pretty much every family in all of America particularly in the United States has at any rate one TV. This implies individuals around the globe are investing energy being apathetic sitting before the TV sitting idle yet watching and eating. TV watchers can be grouped from multiple points of view: by the various kinds of shows they watch or by the measure of time an individual watches the TV seven days, however this appears to be too broad to even consider classifying a habitually lazy person. The four significant classes of the habitual slouches are positioned on a mix of recreation or leisure time spent watching, power of viewing, and the longing to watch sections the craving to participate in other non-watching exercises. To start with, there is the genuine habitual slouch. These individuals have no life what so ever. They are diehard watchers who, when they return home, plunk down directly before the TV for the remainder of the night or day. These individuals currently make their lounge additionally their lounge area. They sit before the TV stuffing their appearances the entire night. After hearing the word book of scriptures the, the genuine habitually lazy person thinks about the TV control. Habitually lazy people plan every single day by day movement around the TV. Some attempt to achieve things while they watch, yet numerous don’t complete anything. On the off chance that the president was on each channel yet one and they disdained Clinton like everybody in America, they would observe Farley2 the one channel regardless of what on. While at home these genuine habitually lazy people never dream about killing the TV. The subsequent gathering is the ordinary habitual slouch. These are planned TV watchers. They have interests other than the TV and don’t have supper in t... Free Essays on Couch Potatoes one potatoe, 2 potatoe Habitual slouches The TV has gotten one of the most significant belongings any American could claim. Pretty much every family in all of America particularly in the United States has at any rate one TV. This implies individuals around the globe are investing energy being sluggish sitting before the TV sitting idle yet watching and eating. TV watchers can be ordered from multiple points of view: by the various kinds of shows they watch or by the measure of time an individual watches the TV seven days, however this appears to be too broad to even think about classifying a habitually lazy person. The four significant classes of the habitually lazy people are positioned on a blend of recreation or leisure time spent watching, power of viewing, and the craving to watch sections the longing to take part in other non-watching exercises. Initially, there is the genuine habitual slouch. These individuals have no life what so ever. They are diehard watchers who, when they return home, plunk down directly before the TV for the remainder of the night or day. These individuals currently make their front room additionally their lounge area. They sit before the TV stuffing their countenances the entire night. After hearing the word book of scriptures the, the genuine habitual slouch thinks about the TV control. Habitually lazy people plan every single day by day movement around the TV. Some attempt to achieve things while they watch, yet numerous don’t complete anything. In the event that the president was on each channel yet one and they loathed Clinton like everybody in America, they would observe Farley2 the one channel regardless of what on. While at home these genuine habitually lazy people never dream about killing the TV. The subsequent gathering is the normal habitually lazy person. These are booked TV watchers. They have interests other than the TV a...

When to Start Preparing for the SAT and ACT

Scheduling is usually the largest factor students consider when choosing the right test date. For example, if youre in the school play that has 2 hour rehearsals 5 days a week and several weekends of performances, you probably want to wait until its over to start your prep. But just because your last show is in October doesn’t mean you’ll be ready to test in November. As a general rule, Compass recommends 3–4 months of regular preparation for a first attempt at an ACT or SAT test and 4–6 weeks of regular preparation for APs and SAT Subject Tests. And all our preparation plans start with a practice test prior to that. Reference our Best Dates for Juniors and Best Dates for Seniors articles to see our recommendations for when you should take the test, and contact one of our directors to discuss your test preparation plans. Drop down each target test date to see the most ideal timeline leading up to it. Click here to see the calendar of test dates. February ACT The February ACT usually takes place on the first or second Saturday of the month.   Initial Diagnostic Test: the previous September or earlier Get Your Materials: early October  Ã‚   Begin Lessons: mid to late October March SAT The March SAT usually occurs on the first or second Saturday of the month. **Note: there are no Subject Tests offered in March. Initial Diagnostic Test: the previous October or earlier Get Your Materials: early November   Begin Lessons: mid to late November April ACT The April ACT is usually on the first or second Saturday of the month.   Initial Diagnostic Test: the previous November or earlier Get Your Materials: early December   Begin Lessons: mid to late December May SAT, Subject Tests, and AP Exams The May SAT usually takes place on the first Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: the previous December or earlier Get Your Materials: early January Begin Lessons: mid to late January The May Subject Tests are held on the same date as the May SAT. You can take up to three Subject Tests on the same date. Initial Diagnostic Test: February or earlier Get Your Materials: early March Begin Lessons: mid to late March AP exams take place during the first two weeks of May. Day of the week and time of day for each exam vary by year. **Note: The College Board has not released any official full-length practice tests for the AP exams, but Compass has sample questions for most tests. Get Your Materials: early March Begin Lessons: mid to late March June ACT, SAT, and Subject Tests The June ACT usually takes place on the second Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: January or earlier Get Your Materials: early February  Ã‚   Begin Lessons: mid to late February The June SAT is usually the first Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: January or earlier Get Your Materials: early February   Begin Lessons: mid to late February The June Subject Tests are held on the same date as the June SAT. You can take up to three Subject Tests on the same date. Initial Diagnostic Test: March or earlier Get Your Materials: early April   Begin Lessons: mid-April July ACT The July ACT usually occurs on the second or third Saturday of the month. **Note: the July ACT is not offered in New York. Initial Diagnostic Test: February or earlier Get Your Materials: early March   Begin Lessons: mid-March to early April August SAT and Subject Tests The August SAT usually takes place on the last or second to last Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: March or earlier Get Your Materials: early April   Begin Lessons: late April to mid-May The August Subject Tests are held on the same date as the August SAT. You can take up to three Subject Tests on the same date. Initial Diagnostic Test: May or earlier Get Your Materials: late June   Begin Lessons: early to mid-July September ACT The September ACT usually occurs on the second Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: April or earlier Get Your Materials: early May   Begin Lessons: mid to late May October ACT, SAT, and Subject Tests The October ACT is usually the last or second to last Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: May or earlier Get Your Materials: early June  Ã‚   Begin Lessons: mid-June to early July The October SAT usually occurs on the first Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: May or earlier Get Your Materials: early June   Begin Lessons: mid to late June The October Subject Tests are held on the same date as the October SAT. You can take up to three Subject Tests on the same date. Initial Diagnostic Test: July or earlier Get Your Materials: early August   Begin Lessons: mid-August November SAT and Subject Tests The November SAT usually takes place on the first Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: June or earlier Get Your Materials: early July   Begin Lessons: mid to late July The November Subject Tests are held on the same date as the November SAT. You can take up to three Subject Tests on the same date. Initial Diagnostic Test: August or earlier Get Your Materials: early September   Begin Lessons: mid-September December ACT, SAT, and Subject Tests The December ACT usually occurs on the second Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: July or earlier Get Your Materials: early August  Ã‚   Begin Lessons: mid to late August The December SAT is usually the first Saturday of the month. Initial Diagnostic Test: July or earlier Get Your Materials: early August  Ã‚   Begin Lessons: mid to late August The December Subject Tests are held on the same date as the December SAT. You can take up to three Subject Tests on the same date. Initial Diagnostic Test: September or earlier Get Your Materials: early October Begin Lessons: mid-October

High Quality Early Childhood Education - 2099 Words

Socio-Emotional Development Definition There are no federal standards for early childhood education programs, leaving each state to create their own and leaving a wide range of variance between programs and states in terms of requirements (Magnuson Waldfogel, 2005). High quality early childhood education can be defined using the following benchmarks that were set by the National Institute of Early Education Research (NIEER) and described by Barnett Frede (2010). The first four benchmarks are dedicated to teacher qualifications. Pre-kindergarten educators ideally have a bachelor’s degree that specialized in early childhood education as well as 15 hours of in-service training per year. Assistant teachers should have at least a Child Development Associate (CDA) or a CDA Equivalent. The next two benchmarks look at the class sizes and student to teacher ratios. Classrooms should have no more than 20 students and with a student-to-teacher ratio of 10:1. Benchmark number sev en calls for learning and development standards that should cover children’s physical, social/emotional, motor, and language development as well as approaches to learning, cognition, and general knowledge. Benchmark eight and nine calls for the overall physical and socio-emotional well being of the children. There should be at least one nutritious meal provided per day; vision, hearing, and health screenings should be provided; and parent communication, involvement, and parent education should beShow MoreRelatedProvide High-Quality Inclusive, Early Childhood Education and Care638 Words   |  3 Pages(1905) SDN, a not-for profit organisation is committed in providing quality and inclusive services for children and families in need of early childhood education and care services such as long day care centres and pre-schools within the regions of New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory. 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Liberty And Education For All America, The Land Of...

Liberty and Education for All America, the land of opportunity. Many people imagine of making their dreams a reality in the country of the United States, some do succeed but for others it is out of their reach. Many people do not think of the fight for education to be an issue in America, especially since America is called â€Å"the best nation on Earth†. It is like when Malala from Pakistan fought for rights that everyone should have the right to education. Education is said to be the key to success and with the proper education people can get jobs and make a living off it. Native Americans need education to get out of poverty and to reach out to society and, hopefully, catch with the rest of the world. People tend to forgot the importance of†¦show more content†¦As America is known to be a diverse country it is hard to be accepted by society if people do not even recognize you by the culture difference. Native Americans today try their best in sovereignty to keep th eir culture alive passing it down to the younger generation but it is a struggle today and the background Native Americans have with Americans (Meza, 2015). Knowing of the struggles the students must face it makes them face to difficult choices not only for themselves but for their families. They would have to face reality that they might not have the chance to achieve in getting higher education to achieve their dreams. Many students must drop out for money issues and get a job early to support their families. This expresses that people miss the culture difference and how it effects the lives of the students (Faircloth, Alcantar, Stage, 2015). Best way to demonstrate is like a human going to Mars and having to live there with other lifeforms, if there were any, basically for Native Americans it is like a completely different world to be in when they leave the reservation. It makes it hard for the Native American student to connect with other students from different backgrounds and eventually not just ruining them socially but even academically making them drop out (Faircloth, Alcantar, Stage, 2015). This kind of situation cause stress to students to try to beShow MoreRelatedFamily Scholarship : One Thousand Words Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesScholarship: One Thousand Words Driven towards the miracle of liberty and challenge of a new beginning in America, I struggled and finally moved to the United States. Although I was born in Cuba, where democracy and liberty are elusive, even as a young child I longed for this freedom, which I never experienced. I truly believe that Josà © Martà ­ words ring as true today as they did when he first uttered them. 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Blue Eye free essay sample

CONTEN TS †¢ Introduction †¢ Emotion mouse †¢ Emotion and computing †¢ Theory †¢ Result †¢ Manual and gaze input cascaded (magic) pointing †¢ Eye tracker †¢ Implementing magic pointing †¢ Artificial intelligent speech recognition †¢ Application †¢ The simple user interface tracker †¢ conclusion Introduction :Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you . You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection. The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. Employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machin an understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states. Emotion mouse:One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition, etc. Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the users personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here. Emotion and computing:Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making. but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving our efforts to detect a person’s emotional state. By matching a person’s emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the person’s personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its user’s personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user. One way of gaining information from a user nonintrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a person’s emotional state. We have explored gaining information through touch. One obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse. Theory:Based on Paul Ekman’s facial expression work, we see a correlation between a person’s emotional state and a person’s physiological measurements. Selected works from Ekman and others on measuring facial behaviors describe Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System (Ekman and Rosenberg, 1997). One of his experiments involved participants attached to devices to record certain measurements including pulse, galvanic skin response (GSR), temperature, somatic movement and blood pressure. He then recorded the measurements as the participants were instructed to mimic facial expressions which corresponded to the six basic emotions. He defined the six basic emotions as anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. From this work, Dryer (1993) determined how physiological measures could be used to distinguish various emotional states. The measures taken were GSR, heart rate, skin temperature and general somatic activity (GSA). These data were then subject to two analyses. For the first analysis, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure was used to determine the dimensionality of the data. Result:The data for each subject consisted of scores for four physiological assessments [GSA, GSR, pulse, and skin temperature, for each of the six emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise)] across the five minute baseline and test sessions. GSA data was sampled 80 times per second, GSR and temperature were reported approximately 3-4 times per second and pulse was recorded as a beat was detected, approximately 1 time per second. To account for individual variance in physiology, we calculated the difference between the baseline and test scores. Scores that differed by more than one and a half standard deviations from the mean were treated as missing. By this criterion, twelve score were removed from the analysis. The results show the theory behind the Emotion mouse work is fundamentally sound. The physiological measurements were correlated to emotions using a correlation model. The correlation model is derived from a calibration process in which a baseline attribute-to emotion correlation is rendered based on statistical analysis of calibration signals generated by users having emotions that are measured or otherwise known at calibration time. Manual and gaze (magic) pointing:- input cascaded This work explores a new direction in utilizing eye gaze for computer input. Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer input. We believe that many undamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In particular, it is unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor control task. We therefore propose an alternative approach, dubbed MAGIC (Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing. With such an approach, pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and sel ection. However, a large portion of the cursor movement is eliminated by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which encompasses the target. Two specific MAGIC and pointing liberal, techniques, were one conservative one designed, nalyzed, and implemented with an eye tracker we developed. They were then tested in a pilot study. This early stage exploration showed that the MAGIC pointing techniques might offer many advantages, including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and naturalness than traditional gaze pointing, and possibly faster speed than manual pointing. In our view, there are two fundamental shortcomings to the existing gaze pointing techniques, regardless of the maturity of eye tracking technology. First, given the one-degree size of the fovea and the subconscious jittery motions that the eyes constantly produce, eye gaze is not precise enough to operate UI widgets such as scrollbars, hyperlinks, and slider handles Second, and perhaps more importantly, the eye, as one of our primary perceptual devices, has not evolved to be a control organ. Sometimes its movements are voluntarily controlled while at other times it is driven by external events. With the target selection by dwell time method, considered more natural than selection by blinking [7], one has to be conscious of where one looks and how long one looks at an object. If one does not look at a target continuously for a set threshold (e. g. , 200 ms), the target will not be successfully selected. Once the cursor position had been redefined, the user would need to only make a small movement to, and click on, the target with a regular manual input device. We have designed two MAGIC pointing techniques, one liberal and the other conservative in terms of target identification and cursor placement. Eye tracker:- Since the goal of this work is to explore MAGIC pointing as a user interface technique, we started out by purchasing a commercial eye tracker (ASL Model 5000) after a market survey. In comparison to the system reported in early studies this system is much more compact and reliable. However, we felt that it was still not robust enough for a variety of people with different eye characteristics, such as pupil brightness and correction glasses. We hence chose to develop and use our own eye tracking system. Available commercial systems, such as those made by ISCAN Incorporated, LC Technologies, and Applied Science Laboratories (ASL), rely on a single light source that is positioned either off the camera axis in the case of the ISCANETL-400 systems, or on-axis in the case of the LCT and the ASL E504 systems. Eye tracking data can be acquired simultaneously with MRI scanning using a system that illuminates the left eye of a subject with an infrared (IR) source, acquires a video image of that eye, locates the corneal reflection (CR) of the IR source, and in real time calculates/displays/records the gaze direction and pupil diameter. Once the pupil has been detected, the corneal reflection is determined from the dark pupil image. The reflection is then used to estimate the users point of gaze in terms of the screen coordinates where the user is looking at. An initial calibration procedure, similar to that required by commercial eye trackers. Implementing magic pointing:We programmed the two MAGIC pointing techniques on a Windows NT system. The techniques work independently from the applications. The MAGIC pointing program takes data from both the manual input device (of any type, such as a mouse) and the eye tracking system running either on the same machine or on another machine connected via serial port. Raw data from an eye tracker can not be directly used for gaze-based interaction, due to noise from image processing, eye movement jitters, and samples taken during saccade (ballistic eye movement) periods. The goal of filter design in general is to make the best compromise between preserving signal bandwidth and eliminating unwanted noise. In the case of eye tracking, as Jacob argued, eye information relevant to interaction lies in the fixations. Our filtering algorithm was designed to pick a fixation with minimum delay by means of selecting two adjacent points over two samples. Artificial intelligent speech recognition:It is important to consider the environment in which the speech recognition system has to work. The grammar used by the speaker and accepted by the system, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and manner of the user’s speech are some factors that may affect the quality of speech recognition . When you dial the telephone number of a big company, you are likely to hear the sonorous voice of a cultured lady who responds to your call with great courtesy saying â€Å"Welcome to company X. Please give me the extension number you want†. You pronounce the extension number, your name, and the name of person you want to contact. If the called person accepts the call, the connection is given quickly. This is artificial intelligence where an automatic call-handling system is used without employing any telephone operator. Application:One of the main benefits of speech recognition system is that and it The lets user user can do other works on still simultaneously. observation concentrate and manual operations, ontrol the machinery by voice input commands. Another major application of speech processing is in military operations. Voice control of weapons is an example. With reliable speech recognition equipment, pilots can give commands and information to the computers by simply speaking into their microphones—they don’t have to use their hands for this purpose. Another good example is a radiologist scanning hundreds of X-rays, ultrasonograms, dictating syste m CT scans to and simultaneously The conclusions to a speech recognition connected word processors. adiologist can focus his attention on the images rather than writing the text. Voice recognition could also be used on computers for making airline and hotel reservations. A user requires simply to state his needs, to make reservation, cancel a reservation, or make enquiries about schedule. The simple user interface tracker:Computers would have been much more powerful, had they gained perceptual and sensory abilities of the living beings on the earth. What needs to be developed is an intimate relationship between the computer and the humans. And the Simple User Interest Tracker (SUITOR) is a revolutionary approach in this direction. By observing the Webpage a netizen is browsing, the SUITOR can help by fetching more information at his desktop. By simply noticing where the user’s eyes focus on the computer screen, the SUITOR can be more precise in determining his topic of interest. the Almaden cognitive scientist who invented SUITOR, the system presents the latest stock price or business news stories that could affect IBM. If I read the headline off the ticker, it pops up the story in a browser window. If I start to read the story, it adds related stories to the ticker. Thats the whole idea of an attentive system —one that attends to what you are doing, typing, reading, so that it can attend to your information needs. Conclusion:The nineties witnessed quantum leaps interface designing for improved man machine interactions. The BLUE EYES technology ensures a convenient way of simplifying the life by providing more delicate and user friendly facilities in computing devices. Now that we have proven the method, the next step is to improve the hardware. Instead of using cumbersome modules to gather information about the user, it will be better to use smaller and less intrusive units. The day is not far when this technology will push its way into your house hold, making you more lazy. It may even reach your hand held mobile device. Any way this is only a technological forecast. THANK YOU Seminar report on Submitted to:Submitted by:Prof. S. K. prabhash pratap singh E. C. 3rdyear ( 0904EC061088) Ranjeet

plyethene Essays - Polymer Chemistry, Polyethylene, Addition Polymer

Polyethylene Polyethylene is a polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene (IUPAC name ethene). The recommended scientific name 'polyethene' is systematically derived from the scientific name of the monomer. In certain circumstances it is useful to use a structure?based nomenclature. In such cases IUPAC recommends poly(methylene). The difference is due to the 'opening up' of the monomer's double bond upon polymerisation. In the polymer industry the name is sometimes shortened to PE, in a manner similar to that by which other polymers like polypropylene and polystyrene are shortened to PP and PS, respectively. In the United Kingdom the polymer is commonly called polythene, although this is not recognised scientifically. The ethene molecule (known almost universally by its common name ethylene), C2H4 is CH2=CH2, Two CH2 groups connected by a double bond. Polyethylene is created through polymerization of ethene. It can be produced through radical polymerization, anionic addition polymerization, ion coordination polymerization or cationic addition polymerization. This is because ethene does not have any substituent groups that influence the stability of the propagation head of the polymer. Each of these methods results in a different type of polyethylene. Polyethylene can be produced by various methods: Radical polymerization, anionic addition polymerization, cationic addition polymerization, or ion coordination polymerization. Each of these methods results in a different type of polyethylene. Some types of polyethylene are made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene.